Q-Day
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Understanding NIST’s PQC Security Categories
As part of its post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standardization, NIST introduced five security strength categories (often labeled Levels 1-5) to classify…
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Capability E.1: Engineering Scale & Manufacturability
Building a cryptography-breaking quantum computer (often dubbed Q-Day) will demand far more than just better algorithms or a few more…
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Capability B.4: Qubit Connectivity & Routing Efficiency
Qubit connectivity refers to which qubits can interact directly (perform two-qubit gates) with each other. This is often visualized as…
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4,099 Qubits: The Myth and Reality of Breaking RSA-2048 with Quantum Computers
4,099 is the widely cited number of quantum bits one would need to factor a 2048-bit RSA key using Shor’s…
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What Will Really Happen Once Q-Day Arrives – When Our Current Cryptography Is Broken?
As the world edges closer to the era of powerful quantum computers, experts warn of an approaching “Q-Day” (sometimes called…
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Q-Day Predictions: Anticipating the Arrival of CRQC
While CRQCs capable of breaking current public key encryption algorithms have not yet materialized, technological advancements are pushing us towards…
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Harvest Now, Decrypt Later (HNDL) Risk
"Harvest Now, Decrypt Later" (HNDL), also known as "Store Now, Decrypt Later" (SNDL), is a concerning risk where adversaries collect…
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Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computers (CRQCs)
Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computers (CRQCs) represent a seismic shift on the horizon of cybersecurity. In this article, we’ve seen that…
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Neven’s Law: The Doubly Exponential Surge of Quantum Computing
In 2019, Google’s Quantum AI director Hartmut Neven noticed something remarkable: within a matter of months, the computing muscle of…
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CRQC Readiness Index Proposal
This proposal outlines a composite, vendor‑neutral “CRQC Readiness” indicator. It intentionally avoids one‑number vanity metrics (like only counting qubits) and…
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Q-Day (Y2Q) vs. Y2K
In the late 1990s, organizations worldwide poured time and money into exorcising the “millennium bug.” Y2K remediation was a global…
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What’s the Deal with Quantum Computing: Simple Introduction
Quantum computing holds the potential to revolutionize fields where classical computers struggle, particularly in areas involving complex quantum systems, large-scale…
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The CRQC Quantum Capability Framework
This guide is a detailed, end‑to‑end map for understanding what it will actually take to reach a cryptographically relevant quantum…
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Brassard–Høyer–Tapp (BHT) Quantum Collision Algorithm and Post-Quantum Security
The Brassard–Høyer–Tapp (BHT) algorithm is a quantum algorithm discovered in 1997 that finds collisions in hash functions faster than classical…
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Capability B.2: Syndrome Extraction (Error Syndrome Measurement)
Quantum syndrome extraction - also called error syndrome measurement - is the process of measuring collective properties of qubits to…
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